How to cite

Short, checked guides for the sources students ask about most. Each one links to the official style guide it's based on.

• How to cite ChatGPT and other AI tools in APA 7APA 7

  The current APA format for citing ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude and other generative AI, including when to cite a shared chat and where your prompts go.

• How to cite a YouTube video in APA 7APA 7

  The APA 7 format for YouTube videos and channels, who counts as the author, and how to add a timestamp when you quote a video.

• How to cite a website with no author in APA 7APA 7

  What to do in APA 7 when a web page has no named author, including group authors, when to drop the site name, and how to cite it in text.

• How to cite an X (Twitter) post in APA 7APA 7

  The APA 7 format for posts on X, formerly Twitter, including the @handle, the first 20 words, emojis, hashtags and attached images.

• How to cite a podcast episode in APA 7APA 7

  The APA 7 format for podcast episodes and whole podcasts, with the host as author, episode numbers, and timestamps for quotes.

• How to cite a journal article in MLA 9MLA 9

  The MLA 9 Works Cited format for journal articles, including databases, DOIs, multiple authors and in-text citations with page numbers.

• How to cite a book in Chicago style (18th ed.)Chicago 18

  How to cite a book in Chicago's notes and bibliography and author-date systems, updated for the 18th edition, which dropped the place of publication.

• How to cite a Wikipedia articleAPA · MLA · Chicago

  How to cite Wikipedia in APA 7, MLA 9 and Chicago, why you should link to the exact version you read, and when to cite Wikipedia's sources instead.

• How to cite a PDF or online reportAPA · MLA

  How to cite a report or other document you downloaded as a PDF in APA 7 and MLA 9, including government and organization authors and report numbers.

• How to cite a source with no dateAPA · MLA · Chicago

  What to do when a source has no publication date, in APA 7 (n.d.), MLA 9 (leave it out) and Chicago (n.d. plus an access date).

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